Proses Kebijakan

Proses Kebijakan REVIEW 2: CHAPTER TIGA BUKU PUBLIC POLICY: Proses Kebijakan Pada bagian yang ketiga ini, buku public policy karangan riant nugroho ingin menceritakan mengenai mekanisme pembuatan kebijakan juga masalah yang terkait dengan mekanisme tersebut. Secara garis besar buku ini menceritakan mengenai alur kebijakan public diproses mulai dari perumusan kebijakan, implementasi sampai evaluasi. Terdapat banyak alur berpikir mengenai proses bekerjanya kebijakan public. Dalam perumusan kebijakan public, penulis banyak penyertakan berbagai cara untuk merumuskan kebijakan public. Banyak sekali model yang diterangkan oleh penulis, mulai dai model yang tidak demokratis sampai dengan model yang demokratis. Dalam banyak ceritanya model yang tidak demokratis selalu menempatkan Negara sebagai actor yang dominan yang dapat membuat kebijakan. Menganggap proses perumusan kebijakan publik adalah mutlak kewajiban Negara dan hak Negara, rakyat tidak dapat berpartisipasi dalam hal ini. Dan pada akhirnya kebijakan public yang seperti ini tidak juga membawa dampak yang signifikan terhadap public karena kurang mengapresiasikan masalah public yang sebenarnya. Sedangkan proses perumusan yang demokratis, penulis ingin menegaskan bahwa perumusan yang demokratis haruslah mengelaborasi semua suara stakeholders Negara. Model ini adalah model yang dianut oleh Indonesia. Model ini banyak berkembang karena memiliki keterkaitan dengan implementasi good governance[1]. Bukan berarti model perumusan yang demikian ini, tidak memiliki kelemahan. Kelemahan yang dimiliki adalah kebijakan mengenai isu-isu yang vital dan masalah krisis terkadang kurang menjadi efektif dalam prosesnya. Dimana terkadang domain yang seharusnya dikerjakan dan menjadi otoritas penuh Negara menjadi otoritas public, sehingga kebijakan yang dibuat tidak efektif juga efisien. Rian nogroho juga tidak hanya menerangkan berbagai permasalah mengenai perumusan kebijakan public dia juga menyodorkan kepada pembaca mengenai bentuk yang baik dalam perumusan kebijakan. Selama ini kita tahu bahwa banyak masalah yang timbul saat proses perumusan kebijakan seperti masalah cultural yang menganggap bahwa kebijakan public adalah hukum[2], masalah teknis juga transparansi. Dari masalah-masalah tersebut kita disodori penyelesaian ala penulis mengenai perumusan kebijakan public. Penulis ingin proses perumusan kebijakan tetap berjalan demokratis namun juga strategis dan merata. Tahapan berikutanya setelah perumusan kebijkan adalah implemntasi kebijakan. Implementasi kebijakan juga melibatkan rakyat secara langsung sebagai actor yang secara langsung merasakan dampak dari suatu kebijakan. Implementasi merupakan hal penting yang harus diperhatikan, karena pada proses inilah suatu kebijakan diuji. Suatu kebijakan dapat dikatan berhasil atau tidak tergantung pada pengimplentasian kebijakan tersebut. Benar adanya jika studi pengenai implentasi kebijakan akan mati jika hanya masuk dalam ilmu administrasi Negara dan ilmu politik saja, mengingat kompleksitas actor yang masuk kedalam proses ini. Proses implementasi kebijakan ini banyak menyangkut dimensi ekonomi juga dimensi sosial. Seperti pada proses perumusan kebijakan, pada proses implementasi kebijakan pun penulis banyak menerangkan mengenai model pengimplementasian kebijakan, mulai dari model yang paling sederhana sampai model yang rumit. Model yang sederhana yang saya maksudkan adalah model yang tidak banyak melibatkan actor dan kepentingan pada suatu kebijakan. Dan model yang rumit adalah model yang banyak menampilkan actor yang terlibat juga kepentingan mereka. Selain itu pula model-model yang diterangkan oleh penulis sebenarnya juga berkaitan mengenai pola kebijakan, seperti pola yang bersifat top-bottomer atau pola bottom-topper[3]. Rekomendasi yang ditawarkan oleh penulis adalah efktifitas bagi terselenggaranya implementasi kebijakan public. Penulis tidak pernah suka menggunakan kata â€Å"mix† atau campuran dalam rekomendasinya. namun sepertinya penulis juga mengarahakan kita pada model yang nantinya itu adalah sebuah model campuran yang dapat kita sesuaikan sendiri dengan setiap kebijakan yang lahir. Satu hal lagi yaitu mengenai bagaimana proses kebijakan yaitu sosialisasi. Prose ini penting agar suatu kebijakan dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik juga efektif. Jika efktifitas penting dalam implementasi kebijakan makan sosialisasi pun demikian adanya. Jika suatu kebijakan telah dibuatkan dan dilaksanakan program realisasinya sebelum disosialisasikan maka hal tersebut mustahil untul berhasil. Karena actor yang secara langsung memperoleh imbas dan sekaligus pelaksananya (birokrat atau rakyat) akan kebingungan dalam pelaksanaannya. Proses berikutnya setelah implementasi kebijakan adalah evaluasi kebijakan. Proses evaluasi kebijakan merupakan proses yang tidak dapat dihindari mengingat ini adalah proses yang membantu sebuah kebijakan untuk beradaptasi. Penulis menerangkan bahwa suatu kebijakan tidak dapat dengan mudah diganti dengan kebijakan yang baru sehingga evaluasi kebijakan adalah solusi yang ditawarkan. Tujuan utamanya adalah mencari kekurangan dari suatu kebijakan dan kemudian menutup kekurangan tersebut[4]. Evaluasi kebijakan tidak hanya memiliki tujuan namun juga memiliki ciri. Ciri kebijakan public adalah: (1) tujuannya menemukan hal-hal yang strategis untuk meningkatkan kinerja kebijakan; (2) evaluator mampu mengambil jarak dari pembuat kebijakan, pelaksana kebijakan, dan target kebijakan; (3) prosedur dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara metodologi; (4) dilaksanakan tidak dalam suasana permusuhan atau kebencian; (5) mencakup rumusan, implementasi, lingkungan dan kinerja kebijakan. Evalusi pun bervariatif seperti halnya perumusan kebijakan dan implementasi kebijakan. Dalam berbagai model yang telah diterangkan oleh penulis diawal mengenai berbagai model perumusan kebijakan didalamnya juga telah tercantum mengenai evaluasi kebijakan. Namun penulis juga memberikan alternative pilihan lain lagi mengenai model lain dari keseluruhan yang telah ada di awal buku, seperti model evaluasi William N. Dunn sampai model Howlet dan Ramesh. Dari kesemua model baru yang diterangkan oleh penulis terdapat garis besar yaitu proses evaluasi selalu berkaitan erat dengan kinerja suatu kebijakan public. Evaluasi lingkungan kebijakan public pada prinsipnya adalah memberikan gambaran atau diskripsi mengenai konteks dirumuskan dan diimplementasikannya suatu kebijakan[5]. Dengan adanya pendiskripsian mengenai kinerja kebijakan maka itu memberikan sebuah gambaran akan pemahaman mengenai proses berjalannya kebijakan yang baik dan efektif. Mengingat efektifitas penting dalam setiap proses kebijakan public. Selain itu pula evaluasi kebijakan merupakan bagian dari pelaksanaan good governance, utamanya dimensi akuntabilitas[6]. Dengan disuguhakan berbagai model evaluasi kebijakan public sepertinya hal tersebut cenderung membuat bingung pembaca. Bahwa ada tumpang tindih dalam pemikiran atau tulisan sang penulis. Karena dengan semakin bervariatifnya suatu pilihan hal tersebut justru tidak baik karena akan tumpang tindih, sehingga para pembaca justru semakin tidak paham mengenai bagaimana pemikiran punlis mengenai proses yang satu ini, proses evaluasi kebijakan. Proses terakhir dari rangkaian pembuatan kebijakan public adalah proses revisi kebijakan. Proses ini adalah tindakan lanjutan dari evaluasi kebijakan. Jika dalam proses evaluasi kebijkan diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa suatu kebijakan tetap dilaksanakan namun hal tersebut perlu perbaikan, maka revisi kebijakan adalah jalannya. Jika hasil dari evaluasi adalah tetap dijalankan tanpa revisi maka proses ini tidak dijalani. Itulah kenapa proses ini tidak mutlak ada pada setiap kebijakan public. Proses ini bersifat fleksibel dalam rangkaian proses kebijakan public. Proses kerja revisi kebijakan juga tidak jauh berbeda dengan perumusan kebijakan, sama rumitnya. Namun perbedaan ada pada permulaan suatu kebijakan diproses, pada proses ini dimulai dengan evaluasi kebijakan, jadi ini hanya bersifat memperbaiki masalah dan mempelajari kembali suatu masalah public. Dengan adanya revisi diharapkan suatu kebijakan dapat bekerja lebih efektif daripada sebelum direvisi. Dan kali ini penulis tidak menuliskan berbagai model yang dapat kita pakai saat kita akan melakukan revisi kebijakan. Si penulis hanya menerangkan sedikit mengenai proses revisi kebijakan. Bahwa prose ini jga tidak kalah rumit dan panjangnya dengan proses awal pembuatan kebijakan. Dalam buku riant nugroho ini pembaca dapat mengentahui berbgai varian model prose pembuatan kebijakan, implementasi kebijakan sampai evaluasi kebijakan. Itu adalah bentuk dari kelebihan dari tulisan riant ini. Namun kelemahan yang juga ditunjukkan oleh penulisnya dalah dengan terlalu banyak menerangkan varian-varian atau model-model prose kebijakan justru nanti akan semakin tumpang tindih dan membingungkan. Walau setiap rekomendasi yang ditawarkan oleh penulis adalah bukan model campuran tapi sepertinya penulis ingin agar pembaca sendiri yang membuat model campuran tersebut. Alur pemikiran yang dibuat oleh penulis juga sepertinya lebih mengarah pada alur pemikiran studi administrasi Negara. Proses-proses politik dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan public kurang dipertajam. Itulah salah satu lagi kekurangana yang ditunjukkan oleh penulis. JURUSAN POLITIK DAN PEMERINTAHAN FISIPOL UGM LEMBAR COVER TUGAS 2010 Nama : SURYANINGSIH No. Mahasiswa : 07/257095/SP/22444 Nama Matakuliah : KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK Dosen : PURWO SANTOSO BAYU DARDIAS Judul Tugas : REVIEW2: PUBLIC POLICY Jumlah Kata : 1208 CHECK LIST Saya telah: Mengikuti gaya referensi tertentu secara konsisten†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Memberikan soft copy tugas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Deklarasi Pertama, saya menyatakan dengan sebenar-benarnya bahwa: * Karya ini merupakan hasil karya saya pribadi. * Karya ini sebagian besar mengekspresikan ide dan pemikiran saya yang disusun menggunakan kata dan gaya bahasa saya sendiri. * Apabila terdapat karya atau pemikiran orang lain atau sekelompok orang, karya, ide dan pemikiran tersebut dikutip dengan benar, mencantumkan sumbernya serta disusun sesuai dengan kaidah yang berlaku. * Tidak ada bagian dari tigas ini yang pernah dikirim atau dinilai, dipublikasikan dan/atau digunakan untuk memenuhi tugas makuliah lain sebelumnya. Kedua, saya menyatakan bahwa apabila satu atau lebih ketentuan diatas tidak ditepati, saya sadar akan menerima sanksi minimal berupa kehilangan hak untuk menerima nilai untuk mata kuliah ini. Suryaningsih 8 Maret 2010 Tanda Tangan Tanggal [1] Riant Nugroho, Public Policy, 2008, Hal: 376 [2] Ibid, Hal: 424 [3] Ibid, Hal: 451 [4] Ibid, Hal: 472 [5] Ibid, Hal: 488 [6]Ibid, Hal: 492

Real Estate Business in Bangladesh Essay

Abstract: The term business communication is used for all messages that we send and receive for official purpose like running a business, managing an organization, conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary organization and so on. Business communication is marked by formality as against personal and social Communication. The success of any business to a large extent depends on efficient and effective communication. It Takes place among business entities, in market and market places, within organizations and between various group of employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, service providers and Customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the organization and the press persons. All such communication impacts business. Done with care, such communication can promote business interests. Otherwise, it will portray the organization in poor light and may adversely affect the business interest. Historical Background: Thousands years ago, people use to communicate orally. Greeks use a phonetic alphabet written from left to right. After that, many books appeared on written communication principles. In a result of this, Greek started her very first library. When communism was ruling China, communication had become the biggest challenge within the vast government as well as between government and people. 1st in China and then in Rome postal service was launched. After that paper and printing press was invented in china that made communication easier. Hence, today’s principles of communications are founded on a mixture of ancient oral and written traditions. Background: The word â€Å"communication† derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to impart, to participate, to share or to make common. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, and opinions and as a means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding with one another. In other words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion,  feeling and attitudes. It is the ability of mankind to communicate across barriers and beyond boundaries that has ushered the progress of mankind. It is the ability of fostering speedy and effective communication around the world that has shrunk the world and made ‘globalization’ a reality. Communication had a vital role to play in ensuring that people belonging to a particular country or a culture or linguistic group interact with and relate to people belonging to other countries or culture or linguistic group. What Is Business Communication: Business communication (or simply â€Å"communications†, in a business context) encompasses such topics as marketing, brand management, customer relations, consumer behavior, advertising, public relations, corporate communication, community engagement, reputation management, interpersonal communication, employee engagement, and event management. It is closely related to the fields of professional communication and technical communication. Media channels for business communication include the Internet, print media, radio, television, ambient media, and word of mouth. Business communication can also refer to internal communication. A communications director will typically manage internal communication and craft messages sent to employees. It is vital that internal communications are managed properly because a poorly crafted or managed message could foster distrust or hostility from employees.

Cars Enslave Us Rather Than Liberate Us Essay

How much effort do you put in travelling to school or workplace each week? Created in 1870, cars have been one of the most useful and spectacular inventions of human beings. The society we live in has recently became completely reliant on these fuel-burning vehicles. It is widely discuss whether cars are a blessing or a real nightmare that may lead people astray. As a young driver, I firmly believe in the liberating power of cars. Not only do they facilitate life, but also encourage to broadens one’s horizons, which may be justified in the following essay. To begin with, cars allow people to travel from place to place with no limits. Basically, they give a perfect opportunity for those who live in the suburbs and have no access to the public transport. Living far away from the city requires the involvement of other people, typically parents, who drive their children to various places. Otherwise, how would they be able to develop and participate in some additional activities, like volunteering or learning to play the violin? It is important to stress that these ingenious machines may give people the fantastic experience of travelling round the world without worrying about covering long distances having a place to sleep when one is on the way! Furthermore, cars have an unquestionable advantage over the means of public transport. Given the choice between walking in the rain to get to the bus station or taking a car and driving directly to one’s destination, who would not prefer the latter? Rarely do people claim that cars are less convenient or luxurious that buses owing to having the air-conditioning system or soft seats. What is more, there is little possibility of getting stuck in the crowd or being exposed to delay or robbery. Surprisingly, people who travel with the use of public transport are more likely to be late and to demonstrate continual anxiety. On the other hand, cars are very expensive to maintain. They burn a lot of fuel and, therefore, force people to be more restrictive about their expenses. However, public transport is not free too. For a five-member family, it is quite more beneficial to have a car since it not only saves money, but also a lot of free time that can be spent on more pleasant activities. To conclude, living without a car appears to have a lot of serious disadvantages. It strikes me that these vehicles save a lot of time and do not put any demand to subordinate to timetables. To my mind, they liberate us rather than enslave us.

Minimum Wage And The Cost Of Living Essay - 1518 Words

Today we live in a society that tells us what and when we can do it, with the complex of living in the United States which is supposed to be the land of the free. The cost of living now these days have put those who only make minimum wage in poverty stricken situations, which now they have no choice but to depend on the government to live. We either have to lower the cost of living so that people can live a somewhat sustainable life, or raise the minimum wage so that we can afford the cost of living that is provided to us. Somethings got to give, it s obvious that we cannot have both. About 77.2 million people ages sixteen and over worked for hourly wages in 2014, according to the US Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). These workers make up 58.7 percent of the US workforce. People earning the federal minimum wage or less (people earning less than the federal minimum wage are not necessarily a violation of FLSA as there are exceptions) totaled 3 million in 2014, or 3.9 percent of all hourly workers. It’s the glass half full concept tells us that we must want one thing and not the other then we have to see that over time we will want things that is called price indices, is we want satisfaction in the things we buy which cost more, and if the prices are up for the things we buy and they do not get better that is where we see that the cost of living goes up with it. More like a tix for tack scenario we want nice things like anyone would. If the medianShow MoreRelatedIncrease In Ontarios Cost of Living Tied to Minimum Wage Increase808 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Question. Should increases to Ontario’s minimum wage be tied to the cost of living? Minimum wage is something that maintains the stability of a states economy. Minimum wage is regulated by the provincial government where the most minor of changes creates an exponential ripple effect through both local and international economies. A minimum wage is the wage that is able to provide not only for bare physical needs but also for preservation of efficiency of workers plus some measure of educationRead MoreA Brief Note On Raising The Minimum Wage1503 Words   |  7 PagesWage War Alternatives to Raising the Minimum Wage Minimum wage is a topic of considerable controversy and a significant source of economic stratification. Essentially, the minimum wage policy is what defines the baseline income of â€Å"low level† or â€Å"starting positions.† Here in the U.S. most individuals will at some point in their life hold a minimum wage position. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 58.5% of U.S. citizens were paid at hourly rates, and about 2.6 million workersRead MoreRaising the Minimum Wage: A Counter-Intuitive Solution Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesWhile some believe that raising the minimum wage will resolve poverty issues and lack of pay with the signing of legislation, the raising of the minimum wage to $10.10 an hour (as advocated by President Obama and the Democrats) would cause the poverty issue to be worse than it already is; inflation would occur, employees would be laid off, and minimum wage employees would lose welfare benefits, thus offsetting the wage incre ase. The Government should consider the effects on the American economy asRead MoreThe Impact Of Minimum Wages On Society1741 Words   |  7 Pagestalking about how minimum wages can have impacts on society as well as if there are new laws coming into place to help the common person with a family. Also see if households are impacted by how much they are getting paid and see what companies are doing to help with those that are just making minimum wage. Providing minimum wage to workers ensures that he or she will be able to provide for him or her, as well as the family his or she is taking care of. â€Å"The federal minimum wage is not tied to inflationRead MoreMinimum Wage1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of minimum wage and whether it should increase or not continues to be a hot topic among people. With today’s economy, families struggle to make ends meet due to their low income, while others argue that a minimum wage increase will do more harm than good. Others also argue that the minimum wage should in fact be the living wage (Huffington Post, 2016). As defined by The Balance (2017), a living wage is â€Å"the amount of income needed to provide a decent standard of living.† According toRead MoreThe Cost Of Idealism : Setting The Appropriate Minimum Wage1618 Words   |  7 Pages The Cost of Idealism: Setting the Appropriate Minimum Wage Blake Kaiser-Lack Williams Economics 19 November 2015 In Seattle this past August, Ritu Shah Burnham and his 11 co-workers at a small ZPizza lost their jobs and business to one seemingly beneficial culprit: the minimum wage. After huge wage hikes in cities like Seattle, San Francisco, and Oakland, small businesses similar to Burnham’s have been following suit due to increased labor costs that eradicate businesses’Read MoreCongress As Part Of The Fair Labor Standards Act1084 Words   |  5 PagesStandards Act (FLSA) instituted minimum wage back in 1938. The first minimum wage was at $0.25 per hour and the last minimum wage increase occurred in 2007. Over the past 65 years the minimum wage has varied considerably in inflation-adjusted buying power. It has averaged $6.60 an hour in purchasing power in 2013 dollars, but it has ranged from a low of $3.09 an hour in late 1948 to a high of $8.67 an hour in 1968. Today’s minimum wage buys somewhat more than the minimum wage has historically, althoughRead MoreThe Minimum Wa ge Should Not Reduce Poverty1214 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief persists that paying a higher minimum wage would aid in lifting people out of poverty by giving those with low paying jobs a higher income, however the evidence suggests otherwise. As the 2016 race for the White House heats up, the minimum wage battle stands at the forefront of every economic discussion. The rhetoric between candidates within and across party lines intensifies by the day. While the debate over whether or not to raise the federal minimum wage from $7.25/hour to $15/hour ragesRead MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage1225 Words   |  5 Pages Study shows that wage increases do lower poverty, by 2.4% if wage at $8.00, consistent with other studies. (Washington Post/ Arin Dube) 1. Raising the federal minimum wage doesn’t cause substantial unemployment as most economists agree, including over 600 economists who wrote a letter to Congress urging a wage increase, and the Economic Policy Institute. A. Identify shortcomings of the opposition (fallacies they make, or weaknesses in the evidence they use) 1. Arin Dube’s study would be great,Read MoreThe Issue Of Income Inequality And Minimum Wage1179 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica. One of the key issues that have risen in recent times on the media is the widening wage gap between the rich and the poor, and the debate on whether or not an increase in minimum wage could solve the problem. While the whole nation would like to solve the issue of income inequality and minimum wage, the focus of this argumentative paper will be on the state of California. An increase in minimum wage should be adopted since everyone deserves to earn a livable age, especially when the reality

What Does Perfect College Essay Samples Mean?

What Does Perfect College Essay Samples Mean? What Perfect College Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not Essay prompts are intentionally open-ended, and there are lots of approaches to begin picking a topic. For a person to write a superior sample, there are a few guidelines they need to employ during the essay writing process. By learning how to take things apart and critique, you will also learn to compose the statements better. After creating an overall outline, you might want to work on the facts of your essay. The one thing you must do is to compose an ideal college application essay to demonstrate your very best qualities and show your uniqueness. Sometimes your needs change, and that may indicate your study habits want to modify also. There are a lot of different study habits, so it's essential for people to determine which one works for them. Great study habits are very helpful for men and women in education, and they may be learned with enough repetition. The Unex posed Secret of Perfect College Essay Samples College Essay Writing Services Writing the ideal college essay may be tall order, even at the very best of times. Summer is an excellent time to start your college essay. Academic papers play a crucial part in your academic success. Templates may also help you get a notion of the way to create a good college admission essay format. You can create your essay beautiful by giving thought to some things. Your essay is a distinctive reflection of who you are as an individual. Also, make sure that it makes sense and is communicating your intended argument effectively. Although you must be creative whilst writing your essay, resist the need to find creative with the facts. Top Perfect College Essay Samples Secrets Browsing our essay writing samples can offer you a good idea whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. You might even hunt for quotes or other inspiring stuff on the net. 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The Media s Role Of The Press Essay - 1606 Words

Term Paper: Telecommunications Act Melissa Kil COMM 300 11/22/16 For hundreds of years, the role of the press was to inform citizens of the truth and provide a launch point for discourse and debate, forming an important pillar of democracy. Today, there is still a widely held belief that the media is and should still serve as a guardian of the public interest. The sad reality however is that media does not and has not lived up to this ideal of a societal watchdog for decades. For the last few decades, monopolistic ownership has threatened the media’s ability to disseminate truthful, diverse information. Accurate reporting is difficult in a media environment in which easily palatable, cookie cutter programming gains the highest ratings, whether the information presented is true or false. As seen in the recent election, sensationalized speech gains prominence over civilized, informed debate. As a result, the media largely contributes to the rapid decay of democracy in the United States. In this paper I will discuss how Parenti and Dral e view media ownership and discuss my opinion and proposed solution to the problems resulting from the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first significant overhaul of telecommunications law in more than sixty years, which was controversial as it allowed for media cross-ownership (FCC, 2016). The FCC described that the goal of the Telecommunications Act was to create a free market where anyoneShow MoreRelatedAll Lives Matter, By Nikita Carney Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesMedia bias is displayed repeatedly in news coverage of black tragedies and in the persecution of black bodies. From protest following the non indictments of cop killing unarmed black men to the uninformed persecution of the BlackLivesMatter movement, mainstream media is constantly standing in opposition to anything that threatens the status quo. 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Attributes Ethical Leadership In Leading - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Attributes Of Ethical Leadership In Leading Good? Answer: Introducation Philanthropy refers to the idea, action, activities or event that is executed for the betterment of the humanity. The philanthropy involves sacrifice rather than motive of profit. The activities included in the philanthropy are donation of money to any charity, local shelter volunteer, or collecting find for any disease like cancer and others. Many businesspersons follow the philanthropic idea in order to do wellbeing of the society as well as the humanity. In other hand, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the idea of business approach contributing to the sustainability of an organization by developing the economical, social and environmental conditions for the key stakeholders of the organization. Most of the nationalized company practices the CSR activities in order to hold the sustainable existence of the organization. While considering the fact of the similarity or the difference between the CSR and philanthropy the two are not the same. However, from the surface perspective CSR and philanthropy looks same, but there is little difference between the two. The practice of philanthropy is done without any personal motive of profit whereas the CSR practice is performed for maintaining the sustainability of the organization (Sahota, 2013). This is the basic deference between the two ideas. Analysis of ethicality of Carlos Slims Personal Philanthropy as Support to his Business Interests: Concerning above analysis of the philanthropy the report discusses the ethicality of the personal philanthropy of Carlos Slim in supporting the business interest. The ethical refers to the some idea, activity or action that is morally acceptable and does not create any dilemma in mind (Othman and Rahman, 2014). Ethical also entails honesty and morality. The chosen case study suggests that the personal philanthropy of Carlos Slim in supporting the business interest is ethical. It is evident from the case study that the philanthropic practice of Carlos Slim was aligned with the business activities. He, apart from owning numerous companies and trying to gain more profit firm all the business, supported education, training and development of the team that orients the business. The ethical philanthropic approach of Slim is evident from his people oriented business approach. As discussed above the work ethical refers to the idea, which is morally acceptable. The approach of Slim is honest and definitely acceptable. The case study presents the fact that he has never shown personal interest in the acquisition of the company Telmex and others, instead he always had shown his business interest with a motive and objective of donating money to the charity. He wanted to execute his philanthropic ideas and practices through his different business approaches. Not only by donating money to the charity but also by establishing financial schemes for the people having low wages, he proved his philanthropic practice to be ethical in terms of the business interest. He focuses on the expansion o business as well as on the welfare of the social lives of human together. There is no doubt that the personal philanthropy of Carlos Slim had been a support to his business interest in an ethical manner. Leadership Style of Carlos Slim: It is not possible to refer to one style as the leadership style of Carlos Slim, rather it can be said that he is the mixture of various styles. In some of the instances of his activities, he is seen as the leader who is task oriented and autocratic. Again, he is also seen using his people oriented approach as the transactional leaders. His managerial styles are based on the situation. Here, in this regard the contingency leadership style can be mentioned. The contingency leadership style changes with the changing of situations (Northouse, 2015). This particular leadership style can be linked with Carlos Slim as his behavioral tendencies imply him to be task motivated or relationship motivated. Martinez (2013) suggests that the managerial principles of Slim include ten principles that are effective and suitable to the management leadership style of Slim. These ten principles include minimal and simple organizational structure that flexible and responsive, austerity maintenance in times of plenty in order to strengthen and accelerate the growth, proactive in seeking simplification, improvement and modernization in productive process, unlimited the company parameters, achieve the business objectives together, focus the re-investing strategy, creativity for problem solving, optimistic vision and approach and feeling of the existence. This principles of management indicates the philosophy and leadership style of Slim. For example, communicating the guiding principles in order to motivate his workers for being innovative and creative in solving problems refers to the transformational leadership style of Slim. For understanding the leadership approaches of Carlos Slim, the Leadership Grid of Robert Blake and Jane Mouton can also be mentioned. The leadership grid not only refers to the alternative leadership style but also help assisting the development process of leadership (Josanov-Vrgovic and Pavlovic, 2014). The variables of the grid are the respect, people and task. The five section of the grid entails different views of leadership style. The grids are: Impoverished management signifies the low concerns for both the tasks and people. The leaders under this group are less interested in work process and leave the decision over to the group of workers. Authority-obedience management displays high concerns for tasks and low concerns for people by the leaders. The leaders under this grid are authoritative and take all the decisions. Country club management refers the high concerns of leader for the people and low concerns for tasks. Leaders following this style tend to seek harmony and avoid conflict in decision-making. Middle of the road management is a non-committal in focusing on the task as well as on the people. The leaders with this style put minimum effort in balancing the people and tasks. Thus, workers of this group are not extremely productive. However, the leadership approach of Slim cannot be categorized individually under any one grid. He reflects the leadership style of authority obedience and country club management. In other hand, though his approach of leadership to certain extent can be related to the contingency leadership style, he never followed ant specific leadership style. Therefore it is better to say that he is the mixture of all leadership style. To discuss the motivational factor of Slim in his works the motivational theories must be investigated. A thorough analysis of the theories will make the motivational factor if Slim understandable. The theories are: Content theories of motivation: The content theories imply the understanding of human needs and the response of the people to different situation (sielearning.tafensw.edu.au, 2017). These theories are also known as the need theories. The theories included in the content theories are the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Erg theory, Herzbergs Two Factor theory and McClellands Need for Achievement, Affiliation and Power. Process theories of motivation: The process theories of motivation refer to the additional insights of people giving meaning to rewards and responding various work related behaviors (sielearning.tafensw.edu.au, 2017). The theories under this category determined the effort for the sustainability. The theories under this category are Equity theory, Expectancy theory, goal setting and the self-efficacy theory. Reinforcement theories of motivation: The reinforcement theories of motivation focuses on the environment as one of the major sources of rewards influence the behavior of human (Richter, Raban and Rafaeli, 2015). The factors of the theory are the positive rewards, negative rewards, extinction and punishment. While discussing about the motivation of the workers by Carlos Slim, the process theory can be linked with the same. The workers of Slim followed the motivational theory of self-efficacy under this particular category. The theory refers to the sense of the workers of being responsible and self-efficient in plying the role that has been assigned to him. It is noted from the case study that he once commented that his workers are the resource of his business that are ready to take new challenges that comes every day in their way of performing the job. The goal setting theory can also be partly linked with the motivational factor of Slim in motivation the workers. The goal setting theory referring to the effects of setting the goals on the subsequent performance ensures the better outcome from the workers. It is clear from the case study that the workers of Slim are motivated by the buy-into the strategic vision of the organization as defined and goal set by Slim. Concerning about the needs of the workers as addressed by Slim the theory of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs can be mentioned. This particular theory refers to five levels of hierarchy that define the basic needs in of the people in general (Niemela and Kim, 2014). However, the theory can be linked with the workplace too. The five levels being the psychological, safety, social, esteem and self actualization are extremely related to the needs of the Slims workers as addressed by him. It is evident in the first two sections that Slim always had shown his business interest through his personal philanthropic ideas. Therefore, the theory is the perfect example in analyzing needs of the workers that Slim addressed. However, the reinforcement theory cannot be anyhow linked with the motivational leadership of Slim followed by his workers, as the case study does not suggest any instances that are related to this theory. Powers of Carlos Slim: Power can be recognized as the ability of a person to make someone to do some activities that the former person wants to be done. In other words, the power is the ability to control someone or any situations or rather make the desired thing happen. However, it would not be right to say that Carlos Slim have power to control his employees, despite having the ability to control the situation and the workers. Slim was not the dominant leader that usually uses his power to control everyone. Rather it can be said that Slim possessed the personal power that is more like influencing someone to identify himself with the former one. It is better o say that the Slim had tie referent power that was recognized by his workers that influenced enhancing their loyalty and strengthening their buy-into the strategic vision of the organization set by Slim. However, the case study provides evidence that the position of power had been underplayed by Slim in many ways to influence and focus on the ability of the workers in achieving the organizational objectives. In this regard, it can be said that the position of power based on the offerings of the managers to others the first category of reward can be linked with Slims release of power. In other hand, Slim had the personal power based on the workers view, which can be discerned as referent power. Power versus Influence: To discuss about the leadership and the power of Slim on motivating his workers the difference between the power and influence must be understood. The power and influence are not the same (Richardmckeown.com, 2017). The power creates dominance over workers while the influence creates impact on the workers. Power is something that is gained from position, hence the power dominates and control things, whereas the influence is personal and comes from the personal knowledge and values (Lunenburg, 2012). Therefore, the influence can be distinguished as motivational. In other words, the power is something that makes the person to be resented by others, but influence makes the person to be respected by the people. Hence, it is clear from the discussion and the evidence from the case study that Slim did have some power that he gained from the business and money but that he did not use the same in dominating his workers. Rather it can be said that he influenced his workers to be like as a person with whom the workers liked to identify themselves. In addition, he never pushed his workers for achieving the organizational goals of the business; rather he persuades his motivational ideas into his workers that made them identifying him as the leader being referent. In fact, the difference of power and influence is clear from the leadership style of Slim as presented in the case study. Conclusion: This can be concluded from the above discourse on the case study of Carlos Slim that the philanthropic activities of him were related to his business interests. He used his business interests for supporting his philanthropic practices. However, the case study as well as the discussion on the same proves that the personal philanthropic ideas of Carlos Slim in supporting the business interests were ethical. The ethicality of his philanthropic practice is related to his leadership style, which is a mixture of all possible styles of leadership. His leadership style also reflects his motivational ideas and factors in motivating workers to achieve the objectives. The theories in the above report show evidence of the motivational leadership style of Slim. In addition, the report presents that the power of Slim is more influential rather than dominating which indicates the motivational leadership style of the person. Reference: Josanov-Vrgovic, I. and Pavlovic, N., 2014. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SCHOOL PRINCIPAL LEADERSHIP STYLE AND TEACHERS'JOB SATISFACTION IN SERBIA.Montenegrin Journal of Economics,10(1), pp.43. Lunenburg, F.C., 2012. Power and leadership: an influence process.International journal of management, business, and administration,15(1), pp.1-9. Martinez, J., 2013.Carlos Slim: The Richest Man in the World/The Authorized Biography. Titletown Publishing, LLC. Niemela, P. and Kim, S., 2014. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 3843-3846). Springer Netherlands. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Othman, Z. and Rahman, R.A., 2014. Attributes of ethical leadership in leading good governance.International Journal of Business and Society,15(2), pp.359. Richardmckeown.com, 2017.Power vs. Influence Building a Legacy of Leadership | Richard McKeown. [online] Richardmckeown.com. Available at: https://richardmckeown.com/power-vs-influence-building-a-legacy-of-leadership/ [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Richter, G., Raban, D.R. and Rafaeli, S., 2015. Studying gamification: the effect of rewards and incentives on motivation. InGamification in education and business. Springer International Publishing, pp. 21-46 Sahota, A., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and philanthropy.Sustainability: how the cosmetics industry is greening up, pp.175-195. sielearning.tafensw.edu.au, 2017.The Content Theories of Motivation. [online] Sielearning.tafensw.edu.au. Available at: https://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/MBA/9791F/BusinessServices/LO/1207_020138_605F_02_wi/1207_020138_605F_0204_wi.htm [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. sielearning.tafensw.edu.au, 2017.The Process Theories of Motivation. [online] Sielearning.tafensw.edu.au. Available at: https://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/MBA/9791F/BusinessServices/LO/1207_020138_605F_02_wi/1207_020138_605F_0205_wi.htm [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017].